Education and Health Child

Viral diseases idrotrasmesse

We define viral diseases idrotrasmesse all the infectious diseases of humans and animals directly or indirectly associated with the use of water. Enteric viruses have always been the main cause of infectious disease associated with the consumption of water contaminated by fecal material. Outbreaks of waterborne, waterborne diseases or technically, they are certainly underestimated the lack of adequate programs for epidemiological surveillance.

Enteric viruses responsible for outbreaks of waterborne gastroenteritis are enteroviruses, noroviruses, adenoviruses, infectious ‘Hepatitis E’ s hepatitis A, rotavirus. The enteric viruses are responsible for a broad spectrum of diseases, including the best known are the permanent or transitory flaccid paralysis, gastroenteritis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, myocarditis and pericarditis. Since they are characterized by a movement predominantly asymptomatic, there is a serious underestimation of their spread in humans and the environment. The detection of enteroviruses in environmental samples and their forensic significance dates back to the transposition of EU Directive 76/160 of 8 December 1975. Unlike in recent years, adenoviruses and noroviruses are causing a growing interest in environmental matters. Indeed, the European Community has recently funded the project VIROBATHE to estimate the spread of norovirus and adenovirus in bathing water, for a proposed revision of EU rules on bathing.
Adenoviruses are responsible for a wide spectrum of clinical forms, although in most cases resolve spontaneously, can make forms very serious or fatal in children and immunocompromised patients. Often give reactivated latent infections after some time. Most of them cause respiratory diseases, except the type 40 and 41 which result in gastroenteritis, are isolated from feces, nasal secretions of mucous membranes, conjunctiva and pharynx. In some cases, can cause important infections such as hepatitis, nephritis, myocarditis, meningoencephalitis. Particularly virulent serotypes, such as 14, have come recently to the chronicle as responsible for numerous deaths in the U.S..
There is little information on the epidemiology of adenovirus infections in Italy and the distribution of serotypes circulating in humans, immunocompromised patients and the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency of America (USEPA) has introduced adenoviruses in the “Contamination Candidate List” by including the 4 main microorganisms to monitor for drinking water.
The norovirus have worldwide distribution in humans and animals and in industrialized countries are the most common viral agents responsible for gastroenteritis epidemic in humans and a role in sporadic gastroenteritis. The noroviruses are classified into five different genogruppi, referred to by the IM GV, based on phylogenetic analysis; genogruppi these are further subdivided into 29 genetic clusters, in turn, including different types. Transmission of norovirus can occur by consumption of contaminated food, and / or contaminated water, person-person contact or by direct contact with contaminated surfaces. They are now considered emerging pathogens because of their prevalence in different types of environments, the ability to give rise to clinically relevant infections in all age groups and to pass them in different ways, as well as the high genetic diversity and the ability to develop human immunity to type short.
The epidemiology of pathogens causing waterborne diseases is complex and potable drinking water and proper sewage treatment and raw, are the only means for control and prevention of diseases associated with virological contamination of the water.
References

Microbial diseases idrotrasmesse

Diseases transmitted through water may be caused by traditional pathogens, new pathogens, emerging and re-emerging opportunists.
If the best-known and traditional idrotrasmesse diseases are those caused by Salmonella and Vibrio, are instead defined emerging infectious diseases infections that appear for the first time in a population because they cause a new organism, or those diseases that already exist, for various factors undergo a sudden increase in the incidence or geographic spread in areas where previously not been present. Instead re-emerging infections are those that, after a variable period of disappearance in a territorial, reappearing with a frequency relevant. The diseases in which the causative agents are opportunistic pathogens rather those associated microorganisms are commensal, saprophytic or environmental infection that can result in patients in the most susceptible subgroups of the population (children, elderly and immunocompromised individuals).
Some environmental bacteria can survive and multiply in the aquatic environment, including drinking water. The best known are represented by Aeromonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella, mycobacteria and amoebae environment. Other bodies, such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia, produce infectious forms of resistance (oocysts and cysts) processes that water undergoes before being injected into the distribution networks.
Aeromonas is a ubiquitous and indigenous bacteria in all aquatic environments. Its presence is associated with the development of the phenomenon of production of biofilm where it is noted with relative frequency. Waters in the network, increasing its overall density is related to a decrease in the concentration of free residual chlorine, although its highest densities are found in chlorinated water especially in summer. Some genotypes are considered as potential responsible for diseases (systemic infections, gastroenteritis and skin) in humans. Although the pathogenesis of Aeromonas infections remains still unclear, some species possess several virulence factors that include mechanisms of adherence and production of several toxins. The expression of virulence factors, in some cases it is clearly influenced by environmental conditions and seasonal. However, the most recent data, not confirm nor deny the potential of Aeromonas as enteropathogens.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous bacterium present in water, biofilm, soil and plants. Its detection in water are usually a sign of the deterioration of microbiological quality of water due to the presence of nutrients, a reduction in the rate of water flow in networks or inadequate treatment of drinking water. E ‘able to multiply in the biofilm. Are reservoirs for the dissemination of the microorganism points of delivery of water distribution systems, such as faucets, showers, etc.. difficult to reach the disinfectant residual in the water. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered an important opportunistic pathogen and is one of the main agents of nosocomial infections. Most cases of infection caused by P. aeruginosa is not caused by the consumption of drinking water, but by contact with water where there are high concentrations of the microorganism.
Giardia lamblia (or intestinalis) and Cryptosporidium parvum are protozoan parasites. The first was recognized as a pathogen for humans since the mid-’60s, the second since 1976. In recent years, other species of the genus Cryptosporidium are known as human pathogens. Infectious forms of resistance are cysts and oocysts, respectively. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are diseases transmitted fecal-oral, that may be spent in silent form or determine autorisolventi gastroenteritis in immunocompetent subjects. In immunocompromised, especially in AIDS patients, and particularly infection with Cryptosporidium, can become chronic and be lethal.

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